Seven Things You Need to Know About the Ocean

Its a fact that you may have heard before, but it bears repeating: scientists have mapped more terrain on the surface of the Moon, Mars, and Venus than they have of Earths ocean floor. There is a reason for this, however, beyond apathy towards oceanography. It is actually more difficult to map the surface of the ocean floor, which requires measuring gravity anomalies and using sonar at close ranges, than the surface of a nearby moon or planet, which can be done by radar from a satellite. The entire ocean is mapped, its just at a much lower resolution (5km) than the Moon (7m), Mars (20m) or Venus (100m). Needless to say, Earths ocean is vastly unexplored. This makes it hard for scientists and, in turn, the average citizen to fully understand this powerful and important resource.  People need to understand their impact on the ocean and the oceans impact on them—citizens need ocean literacy.   In October 2005, a group of national organizations  published a list of the 7 major principles and 44 fundamental concepts of Ocean Science Literacy. The goal of Ocean Literacy is threefold: to understand the science of the ocean, to communicate about the ocean in a meaningful way and to make informed and responsible decisions about ocean policy. Here are those seven Essential Principles.   1. The Earth Has One Big Ocean With Many Features Earth has seven continents, but one ocean. The sea is not a simple thing: it hides mountain ranges with more volcanoes than all those on land, and it is stirred by a system of currents and complex tides. In plate tectonics, the oceanic plates of the lithosphere mix the cold crust with the hot mantle over millions of years. The oceans water is integral with the freshwater we use, connected to it through the worlds water cycle. Yet as large as it is, the ocean is finite and its resources have limits. 2. The Ocean and Life in the Ocean Shape the Features of Earth Over geologic time, the sea dominates the land. Most of the rocks exposed on land were laid down underwater when sea level was higher than today. Limestone and chert are biological products, created from the bodies of microscopic sea life. And the sea shapes the coast, not just in hurricanes but in the persistent work of erosion and deposition by waves and tides. 3. The Ocean Is a Major Influence on Weather and Climate Indeed, the ocean dominates the worlds climate, driving three global cycles: water, carbon and energy. Rain comes from evaporated seawater, transferring not just water but the solar energy that took it from the sea. Sea plants produce most of the worlds oxygen; seawater takes up half the carbon dioxide put into the air. And the currents of the sea carry warmth from the tropics toward the poles—as the currents shift, the climate shifts as well. 4. The Ocean Makes the Earth Habitable Life in the ocean gave the atmosphere all of its oxygen, starting in the Proterozoic Eon billions of years ago. Life itself arose in the ocean. Geochemically speaking, the ocean has allowed Earth to keep its precious supply of hydrogen locked up in the form of water, not lost to outer space as it otherwise would be. 5. The Ocean Supports a Great Diversity of Life and Ecosystems The living space in the ocean is vastly greater than the habitats of the land. Likewise, there are more major groups of living things in the sea than on land. Ocean life includes floaters, swimmers and burrowers, and some deep ecosystems depend on chemical energy without any input from the sun. Yet much of the ocean is a desert while estuaries and reefs—both delicate environments—support the worlds greatest abundances of life. And the coastlines boast a tremendous variety of life zones based on the tides, wave energies and water depths. 6. The Ocean and Humans Are Inextricably Interconnected The ocean presents us with both resources and hazards. From it we extract foods, medicines and minerals; commerce relies on sea routes. Most of the population lives near it, and it is a major recreational attraction. Conversely ocean storms, tsunamis and sea-level change all threaten coastal lives. But in turn, humans affect the ocean in how we exploit, modify, pollute and regulate our activities in it. These are matters that concern all governments and all citizens. 7. The Ocean Is Largely Unexplored Depending on resolution, only .05% to 15% of our ocean has been explored in detail. Since the ocean is approximately 70% of the entire Earths surface, this means that 62.65-69.965% of our Earth is unexplored. As our reliance on the ocean continues to grow, marine science will be even more important in maintaining the oceans health and value, not just in satisfying our curiosity. Exploring the ocean takes many different talents—biologists, chemists, technicians, programmers, physicists, engineers and geologists. It takes new kinds of instruments and programs. It also takes new ideas—maybe yours, or your childrens. Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Sport Psychology in the Film Coach Carter - 1828 Words

Sports psychology deals with the mental and emotional aspects of physical performance. It involves describing, explaining and predicting attitudes, feelings and behaviours in an attempt to improve performance. In the film Coach Carter, directed by Thomas Carter, sport psychology is used effectively to enhance the performance of a high school basketball team. However, this improved performance is not limited to the basketball court, it extends into the classroom where the students use goal setting, motivation, concentration and confidence control, ultimately to become accepted into college, avoiding a life of drugs, gangs and prison. In the film, many sport psychology techniques are used to turn the immature teenagers of the Richmond†¦show more content†¦When the athletes turn up to training late, they run. As well as negative motivation, negative reinforcement is present in the scene where Coach Carter is giving statistical feedback to his athletes. Mr Worm, you were five and four†¦ five turnovers and four missed free throws. As a result of these errors, Coach Carter decides to add an extra practise session every morning at 6am to teach his players the fundamentals of the game. One type of motivation left out of Coach Carters repertoire is intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the desire to learn and perform well that comes from within an individual. This is a shame because intrinsic motivation has been proven to be the most successful type of motivation when it comes to keeping a commitment. Although intrinsic motivation does come from within an individual, eg; the desire to win a trophy for a grandfather, it can still be inspired by a coach. Behaviour becomes either more or less likely depending on its consequences. The theory is that if you reward behaviours they are more likely to occur again, while punishment is more likely to reduce the chances of that behaviour occurring in the future. Coach Carter successfully uses negative motivation, however, positive motivation is rarely used and sport psychology research overwhelmingly supports the use of a predominantly (80-90%) positive approach. (Peak Performance issue 214) That said, the negative approach works very well in this situationShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Financial Markets41809 Words   |  168 Pagesthe Book On the other hand, some luxury goods marketers are now offering lower-priced versions of their products to appeal to middle-class consumers who want to â€Å"trade up† to prestigious brand names. Overaching Content Changes Handbag maker Coach, for example, markets fabric wristlets for as low as $48, with high-end leather handbags selling for as much as $6,000.8 We explore pricing decisions in Chapters 11 and 12. ââ€"   Extensive Reorganization. The price variable relates to decisions andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer ServiceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pageshigher education have to say about how effective teachers foster learning: â€Å"All genuine learning is active, not passive. It is a pr ocess of discovery in which the student is the main agent, not the teacher.† (Adler, 1982) â€Å"Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in a class listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spilling out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, apply it to theirRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesMargaret Shaffer and David Harrison conducted research using a sample of over 600 expatriates living in 45 countries to determine reasons behind their decisions to quit their international assignments. Using their research, as reported in Personnel Psychology, the authors of the study built a model to predict turnover among expatriates. The picture that emerged from the research was consistent with what turnover research in the United States has found: Work-related factors of job satisfaction and organiza- Read MoreMarketing Management13 0471 Words   |  522 Pagesinteresting for students. In addition to the range of items normally considered as products and services, what is being marketed might include (a) ideas such as reducing air pollution or contributing to the red cross (b) people, such as new football coach or a political candidate and (c) places, such as industrial plant sites or a place to for a vocation. In a broad sense markets include more than the direct consumers of products services and ideas. Thus a state university’s market includes the legislators

Ethical Dilemma Executive Summary free essay sample

Any officer who joins a new department has to be faced with the ethical dilemma of what is right and wrong. An officer, who witnesses another officer accepting a bribe, is left with the burden of deliberating if they should report what they witnessed. The rules and regulations for any department come into question when an officer is faced with such situation. Criminal justice personnel are projected to up hold the code of ethics no matter what, but can often be broken up individually by others. This can result in the chance of ethical questions regarding corruption and unethical behavior has become an escalating task in criminal justice† (Writing, 1999). â€Å"Police corruption is frequently seen as an isolated issue unique to officers in large cities or other departments. Denial and refusal to accept the possibility for ethical compromise and corruption at department level stops administrators and officers from developing an in-depth understanding and comprehension of the issues† (Gilmartin Harris, 1998). An officer has to decide what measures he or she will take when faced with an ethical dilemma. Any officer who joins a department is sworn in to serve and protect the public and uphold the law. The officer must first speak with the other officer in confidence about the out of place behavior and repeat to him that what he is doing is wrong and unethical. Let him know that in the case that others find out, it can hurt his profession, as well as humiliating the department. In the case that the officer does not care about the warnings he received and keeps accepting bribes, then it is time to let the superiors know about the situation and your worries. Let the supervisor know that you do not want to be judged as a snitch, but are worried about the unethical behavior of an officer in the department. Explain that it is important to avoid any embarrassment upon the department. After the conference with the manager, he will make his own judgment about the officer’s unethical behavior and either open an investigation or take no notice of what was declared. The professional implications for the officer are remotely past the option of executive counsel or suspension. The option left is the officer possibly ired or have criminal charges brought against him once the administration acknowledges the situation. Once the officer acknowledges the situation he will be in disbelief as he faces up to reality. Several officers who reach the last stage are meat with the hardship of what their actions has caused them. â€Å"A professional implication that can be concluded from the actions of this officer is that the police department is crooked, which will cause the community not to trust the department† (Gilmartin Harris, 1998). The liability issues surrounding the involvement of unethical behavior of not reporting the officer can have an upsetting response with other departments and the public. The view of the department will be seen as letting anyone break the law for the reason that one officer gets away with wrong doings and the administration does not do anything about it. â€Å"When society discovers that the local police department has crooked and unethical police officers, this will erode community trust and hurt the relationship between the police and the community† (Gilmartin Harris, 1998). The supervisory issue falls in the liability for conducting oneself in an ethical fashion cascades with that officer, although the administration still has part in the events. The administration must be familiar with the potential violations in ethics before major problems occur. In the moment that the administration makes a commitment and takes an active role in guarantying that his employees behavior must be in a professional manner, the department will not bother to investigating or penalize the employees in the department. When administrators take a hands-on role with the officers, the department can recuperate the confidence of the community and build back the relationships. â€Å"Also it protects the reputations of the ethical law enforcement officers and helps stop officers from damaging his or her career and personal life† (Gilmartin Harris, 1998). Ethics are very important in law enforcement, for the reason that all people think that a person will be given the justice he or she deserve. â€Å"On a more practical notion, ethics, and morals pertains to almost every criminal justice situation. Law enforcement officers must behave according to and accept the moral principles including treating citizens without prejudice. The integrity of law enforcement is held to a higher standard† (Thompson, 1999). â€Å"The code of ethics is in place to serve society; to serve and protect lives and property; to protect the innocent, the weak against harassment or intimidation, and the nonviolent against violence and disorder, and to uphold the Constitutional rights of men to liberty, equality, and justice. The code of ethics also state that an officer will enforce the law courageously and properly without fear or favor, malice, or ill will, never using unnecessary force or violence, and never accepting gratuities† (No Author, 2009). The code of ethics that police officers and other criminal justice employees are anticipated to hold up, can frequently be mistaken by the people, ending in the probability of ethical questions occurrence. â€Å"Ethical issues regarding corruption and unethical behavior has become an escalating task in criminal justice†.

Life Sciences free essay sample

If, for example, three reasons are required and five are given Mark the first three irrespective of whether all or some are correct/incorrect. If whole process is given when only part of it is required Read all and credit relevant part. If comparisons are asked for and descriptions are given Accept if differences/similarities are clear. If tabulation is required but paragraphs are given Candidates will lose marks for not tabulating. If diagrams are given with annotations when descriptions are required Candidates will lose marks. If flow charts are given instead of descriptions Candidates will lose marks. If sequence is muddled and links do not make sense Where sequence and links are correct, credit. Where sequence and links is incorrect, do not credit. If sequence and links becomes correct again, resume credit. Non-recognized abbreviations Accept if first defined in answer. If not defined, do not credit the unrecognised abbreviation but credit the rest of answer if correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Sciences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wrong numbering If answer fits into the correct sequence of questions but the wrong number is given, it is acceptable. Indicate that the candidates numbering is wrong. If language used changes the intended meaning Do not accept. Spelling errors If recognizable accept provided it does not mean something else in Life Sciences or if it is out of context. If common names given in terminology Accept, provided it was accepted at the National memo discussion meeting. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Copyright reserved Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 (Version 2) (Part-time) 3 NSC – Memorandum DBE/November 2011 14. If only letter is asked for and only name is given (and vice versa) No credit. If units are not given in measurements Memorandum will allocate marks for units separately, except where it is already given in the question. Be sensitive to the sense of an answer, which may be stated in a different way. Caption Credit will be given for captions to all illustrations (diagrams, graphs, tables, etc. ) except where it is already given in the question. Code-switching of official languages (terms and concepts) A single word or two that appears in any official language other than the learners assessment language used to the greatest extent in his/her answers should be credited, if it is correct.